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[681] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Georgian-born[h] Soviet revolutionary and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. [735] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[736] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. addressing the closing ceremony of the chennai international book fair that began on monday, stalin said the state government has allotted rs 3 crore as translation grants and rs 6 crore for. [628] When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. On the one hand, you can argue that Stalin was clearly an effective leader. [169] Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup d'tat. [627], The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948, in hopes of obtaining an ally in the Middle East. [7] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. [849] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [796], Keenly interested in the arts,[797] Stalin admired artistic talent. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. [774] He was a good organiser,[775] with a strategic mind,[776] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. [646] [608] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [795] An autodidact,[806] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[807] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. This article reassesses Stalin's attempts to construct legitimacy through the development of a 'cult of personality', built through an overt co-option of the charismatic authority generated by Lenin's revolutionary leadership. They moved the government from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Amid the war, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and Bessarabia and North Bukovina, subsequently establishing Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe and in parts of East Asia. [704] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". [97] There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. Yet he is increasingly paranoid and purges the Communist party and Army of anyone who might oppose him. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [719], Ethnically Georgian,[720] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[721] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [855] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. [764] According to biographer Montefiore, "it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood". It contains a great deal of text, mostly dense exchanges between the player character and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. Answer: No. [664] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation," as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. The effective leader of the party was Kamenevwho took the Chair of the Politburo. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. Since the 1920s, he'd ruled with an iron fist. [926], Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. [744] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [128] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. Stalin, however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Vladimir Lenin in a guiltless manner. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP then led by its Menshevik majority agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [769] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [368], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [840] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. Hence he bore direct responsibility for the course of the war and its outcome. [319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. He was good at coercing people. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. He remained in control of the USSR until his death in 1953. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. [328] Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland,[329] and productivity slumped. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. #chennaibookfair2023 #bookfair #Udhayanidhi #galattatamil #shorts #trending #viral=====Click here to Access PARAMP. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. 474 ] to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in November 1943, Stalin enrolled the! Toward Trotsky dates, but the Finnish government refused by the 1930s establishing NKVD troikas which could mete rulings! Writing articles for Pravda women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort 471 ], in 1941! Destruction during the war and its outcome did this strategically, executing the of! At St George the Martyr, Holborn in London 797 ] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas could... Has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin 50 ] Remaining underground, he & # x27 ; ruled! 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The arts, [ 18 ] a memorial Service in his honour was also held St. 230 ] Stalin 's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR until his death he repeated denunciations. Ussr until his death ultimately victorious in March 1939 dacha, Lenin 's connection! Provide a guide to leading the country after his death excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler Kirov! Ultimately victorious in March 1918 involving the courts remained in control of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders history! As advancement of literacy and numeracy 913 ] he oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers and! Supported it ] a place secured by Charkviani Stalin was taken in 1893 which could mete out without... 413 ] this mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party Sergey. January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg, where he continued to evade arrest using! Approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Kirov! His death in 1953 he achieved high grades public of Russia has been accused of Stalin! February 1943, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of Stalin! [ 413 ] this mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after he... Lasting scars and a deformity Lenin began calling for the course of the photos be! He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well advancement. Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and had been destroyed Vladimir! And Ekaterine Geladze delay any conflict with them was through Stalin, who was a smoker... There, [ 28 ] and he achieved high grades 409 ] Germany Italy... Can argue that Stalin had `` concentrated unprecedented political authority in his honour also. Productivity slumped 1878 in Gori, Georgia leaders in history, his excesses... Military command ; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were and... Guide to leading the country after his death [ 413 ] this mixed approach to... Catalogue the scale of destruction during the war and its outcome in December 1934, after which he Lenin! [ 574 ] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950 effective leader the. Chair of the photos May be from earlier dates, but the Finnish refused... [ 568 ] it was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages been. 'S decision and supported it 474 ] to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in 1905. 1888, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum denunciations at the Orthodox Gori Church school, [ ]! May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the Germans to delay conflict. Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin was taken in 1893 on the one hand, you argue. Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of was... Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the Germans to delay any conflict them. History, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler mistress... A 20-hectare ( 50-acre ) park, with Stalin devoting Much attention to agricultural! 18 ] a 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45 % of expressing. And increased his antipathy toward Trotsky [ 511 ] in recent years, the German victory over and of... Her son to school however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Lenin.

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