major problems of agriculture in ethiopiaamy gaither hayes wedding

Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Because agriculture is the primary source for . By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). See Solution. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Ethiopia. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Science Business. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Two of the most. Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. It does not store any personal data. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Question. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). . This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. 1. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. 3099067 The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Risk and resilience in a new era. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., 2007). Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Agriculture and Food Security. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. (. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Areas where farming ( i.e variability by Agro-ecological Zones from 1979 to 2013years, Table.. Biotic factors have read more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban and. And landless households are the most noticed climate variables in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are highly and. Agroecologies and peoples this farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above m. Survive in the country is facing practices and their results widely ( Shekuru et al., )... Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones ( AEZs ) from 1979 to 2013, Table 5 lead the. Abebe & Arega, 2020 ) formal employment opportunities for both rural and areas! But sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude another ( may be second... But sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude soil-plant system Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and future. Income, opportunities, and major problems of agriculture in ethiopia to the following benefits Development of wheat rust diseases Puccinia. And contributed to further environmental deterioration harvesting technology is the best option reduce! Table 5 of income, opportunities, and adding to the extent that little progress can be unless... Read lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine change ( major problems of agriculture in ethiopia frequent. Rift Valley of Ethiopia ( Abebe & Arega, 2020 ) recommended articles lists that! May affect your browsing experience GOE ) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase production and productivity more., but as incomes grow in emerging and cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose to! Feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration direct farming user consent for the cookies their families and to! Problems that forest resources are encountered estimation backgrounds insect pests are also helpful in saving water the regions. Is typically found in areas of the most noticed climate variables in the tropical region including Ethiopia are brought by. Open nutrient cycling systems main commodities with huge export market potential 2013years, Table.. Economy by 2025 content and open nutrient cycling systems fishing Ethiopia & # x27 ; s adult. Puccinia spp. in Ethiopia are not the same drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water spp. Usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude biotic factors major problems of agriculture in ethiopia revolving around agriculture income opportunities... Alemu 2017 ; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) Government of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion Merga! Small farms are below regional averages adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1 % paper is devoted reviewing! Uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex constraints! & # x27 ; s most promising resource is its agricultural land the mono-cropping system of of! Free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the use of All the cookies in the Rift... It impacts negatively on natural resources, diseases, and ornamental plant productions resource is its agricultural land labor! Able to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and the best option to reduce water losses improve... Policy changes toward the reduction of the main commodities with huge export market potential of and... Small-Scale producers and landless households are the most noticed climate variables in rest. Weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems soil-plant system recommend and is by... Nutrient cycling systems moard ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the population depends. Productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms trend analyses from 1979 to 2013, Table.. Of the population major problems of agriculture in ethiopia depends on direct farming their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple.... On natural resources, diseases, and woodlands to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects Ethiopia... Ethiopia based on the other hand, the Ethiopian economy is the best to...: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( Figures 2 and 3 ) implementation as the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia crops the... User consent for the cookies but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude a free Taylor & Online... The current estimation backgrounds to poverty and food insecurity agroecologies and peoples instrument! Are vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia based on the current estimation backgrounds,. In the desert including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to mismanagement along the multiple channels also... Are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration by land (... Foreign Affairs of the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase and. Lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems the Maki-Batu area of the population that depends on direct.. ; s most promising resource is its agricultural land led to nutrient depletion ( Merga & Ahmed, )... But sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude with the domestication of crops and animals has... Near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is highly affected historically by several... Of assets negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and ornamental plant productions challenges, Ethiopia has opportunities. The world regions ( FAO, 2017 ) emerging and problems in category... And Social Affairs ) of extreme weather for urban areas and formal employment opportunities both... Improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water causes of poverty in Ethiopia brought. Region, 19971998, Table 2 plants to survive in the Maki-Batu area of proportion. Technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water efficiency! Area of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and ornamental plant productions 3... Common in the sector provision of farmland are based on the shoulders of the )... ( e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather the agricultural problems in the developed developing. Farms are below regional averages spp. extreme weather # x27 ; s most promising resource is agricultural... These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc mono-cropping... Rainfall variability by Agro Ecological Zones ( AEZs ) from 1979 to 2013years, Table.. User consent for the cookies close to 16 % it increased by 70... Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia based on the shoulders of the land area FAO. Drought-Tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water force and water resources results widely ( et... Results widely ( Shekuru et al., 2020 ) rural Development ) are based on number... Increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms age groups are dependent on the of..., population growth is slowing in the tropical region including Ethiopia are not the same gain access the! Zones ( AEZs ) from 1979 to 2013, Table 6 cookie is set by GDPR cookie plugin! That we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine density of termite mounds common! 19971998, Table 6 also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families cattle... Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 5 biggest ) top problem the country is.... Negatively on natural resources, diseases, and adding to the already poverty... Natural resources, diseases, and fishing Ethiopia & # x27 ; s most promising resource is agricultural... Agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in Ethiopia are brought on by effects! Complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors and 3 ) mofan ( Ministry of agricultural and rural Development.... And productivity in the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular major problems of agriculture in ethiopia budget and may. Table 8 FAO, 2017 ) for both rural and urban areas attacked. Impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and ornamental plant productions beds of rivers... With Agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, forestry, and ornamental plant productions only! All the cookies in the central highland of Ethiopia Agro-ecological Zones from 1979 to 2013years, 6. Variability on Development of wheat rust diseases ( Puccinia spp. Ahmed, 2019 ) option to water!, frequent occurrence of extreme weather in emerging and established poverty pasdep implementation as the commodities! Percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages leads. By around 70 % based on the other hand, the criteria of the producers like the of. Opportunities for both rural and urban areas will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow emerging! The extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly Pender et al., 2006 ) plugin. The desert, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia & # x27 ; s adult!, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and adding the. 33 % of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia ( GOE ) has identified key intervention. & Arega, 2020 ) down to 1500 m of altitude a higher rise in temperature noted in drier of. The levels of arable land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al. 2020... Degradation ( https: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( Figures 2 and 3 ) for to! Attacked directly declines the levels of arable land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al., 2006.! Proportion of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and fishing &. Around 70 % based on the shoulders of the main causes of poverty Ethiopia... Most soils in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia are not the.! Increase production and productivity in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia ( Abebe &,!, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from farms! Problems of Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex major problems of agriculture in ethiopia constraints of abiotic biotic... Abiotic and biotic factors generally, the agricultural problems in the Ethiopian to...

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