salem witch trials balchmentor, ohio obituaries
by on Sep.28, 2022, under skyrim se female npc replacer
Sarah Osborne ( ne Warren) - died in prison (May 10, 1692) before she could be tried. Salem Witch Trials: The Hysteria Spreads Salem Witch Trials: Conclusion and Legacy The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem. The witch trials in Salem in the year 1692 was a scowling time in American history. From June 1692 to March 1693, hysteria swept through the Massachusetts Bay Colony, leading to the execution of twenty-five men, women, and children. She gave her last testimony before the court in early June 1692, and no record exists of her life after the trials. The 16-year-old daughter of Captain Jonathan Walcott, leader of the Salem Village militia, was related to the Putnam family by marriage; Ann Jr. was her step-cousin. In additionone man was pressed to death; several others died in prison, and the lives of many were irrevocably changed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Just as the jails were filling up with accused witches, the number of those claiming affliction also ramped up. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. Eighteen others followed Bishop to Salems Gallows Hill, while some 150 more men, women and children were accused over the next several months. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Petition for bail from accused witches (American Memory) Salem Witch Trials and the Balch Family By Phillip Balch December 29, 2001 at 01:03:12. These tableaux may not be suitable for all audiences. Three Salem Women: The Stories of Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator and Bridget Bishop, Salem Witch Trials Weekly, produced by the Salem Witch Museum, Bewitchment in Salem, produced by the Salem Witch Museum in conjunction with SATV, The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siegeby Marilynne K. Roach (Jul 22, 2004), Cry Innocent: The People vs. Bridget Bishop, The Salem Witch Trials: Reckoning and Reclaiming at the Peabody Essex Museum. All were marked for class and Tituba for race. A number of villagers petitioned the court on Nurses behalf. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege: Roach, Marilynne: 9781589791329: Amazon.com: Books Books History Americas Buy new: $22.99 List Price: $26.95 Details Save: $3.96 (15%) Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime FREE Returns FREE delivery Wednesday, January 18 if you spend $25 on items shipped by Amazon Thirteen womenand five men from all stations of life followed her to the gallows onthree successive hanging daysbefore the court was disbanded by Governor William Phipps in October of that year. The tradition was English superstition: crack an egg into a glass of water, then wait for it to settle into shape. #33). READ MORE: Salem Witch Trials: Who Were the Accusers? 2. Elizabeth joined Betty, Abigail and Ann Jr. among the first four accusers, and went on to testify against 29 people in the Salem witch trials, 13 of whom were executed. In 1692, the Salem witch trials were a series of false accusations about witchcraft. The first witch trial occurred because the daughter (Betty Parris) and niece (Abigail Williams) of the local Salem Reverend had become violently ill. John Balch, who lived on this property by 1638, was one of the first five original Old Planters who settled the area, coming to Salem with Roger Conant from Gloucester in 1626. Cases would continue in a regular court in January. And its in your house! She was hanged on July 19, with Sarah Good and three others. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 19 1/2 Washington Square North During the spring of 1692, the infamous Salem witch trials had begun where many innocent lives were ruined due to false accusation. Edward accused his wife of entertaining Satan in her kitchen at night and various other allegations. Buried: (Elizabeth Woodbury (age 38) and her sister Abigail gave depositions in the Rev. In January 1692, 9-year-old Elizabeth (Betty) Parris and 11-year-old Abigail Williams (the daughter and niece of Samuel Parris, minister of Salem Village) began having fits, including violent contortions and uncontrollable outbursts of screaming. Examination of a Witch by T.H. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Records of the Salem Witch Trialsin the Winter 2022 issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us atpublications@neh.govif you are republishing it or have any questions. A lot of people were against spectral evidence, so confessions were now the gold standard to find people guilty. Five more were hanged in August and eight in September. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In February 1692, the Massachusetts Bay Colony town of Salem Village found itself at the center of a notorious case of mass hysteria: eight young women accused their neighbors of witchcraft. By September, they could coerce people like clockwork. When Governor Endicott arrived in 1628, he incorporated Conant and his men into the new government. Among those who testified against Sarah Bishop was the Rev. Girls started saying they were getting the devil. Beverly V.R. It didnt have to go any further than those three, says Burns, but they didnt have a way to defend themselves. After the trials ended, Lewis gave birth to an illegitimate child; she married in 1701 and moved to Boston with her husband and child. For more information on the Balch House, please visit: https://www.historicbeverly.net/visit/our-locations/balch-house/. It wasnt so much whether specters existed, it was how you interpret it. In May, the new Massachusetts governor, Sir William Phips, established a special court to try the witchcraft cases, presided over by William Stoughton. This belief in the power of the accused to use their invisible shapes or spectres to torture their victims had sealed the fates of those tried by the Court of Oyer and Terminer. Free shipping . The most. Samuel Parris performed the ceremony. The Salem Village Accusations Map shows the day-by-day accusations the month of March, 1692. Co./George Eastman House/Getty Images. The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. The Archive's historical maps of Salem Village, Salem, and Andover show the locations of the houses of many of the people involved in the trials. Salem's witch trials were the largest and deadliest in North American history. Valais: France/Switzerland, 14281447 Often considered to be the first in Europe, the Valais trials began in the French-speaking southern region of Valais and spread to German-speaking Wallis. Often referred to as the read more, In early 1692, during the depths of winter in Massachusetts Bay Colony, a group of young girls in the village of Salem began acting strangely. Abigail, on the other hand, played a prominent role in the Salem witch trials, accusing a total of 57 people of witchcraft. Betty never attended the subsequent trials; her parents sent her away to live with family to avoid the uproar. Soon after that, Warren herself was accused of witchcraft. Nurse was found not guilty, but Stoughton sent the jurors to reconsider. Edward Bishop and Sarah Bishop were arrested on April 21 of 1692 with Sarah's stepmother Sarah Wildes, William and Deliverance Hobbs, Nehemiah Abbott Jr., Mary Easty, Mary Black and Mary English. Increase Mather, president of Harvard College (and Cottons father) later joined his son in urging that the standards of evidence for witchcraft must be equal to those for any other crime, concluding that It would better that ten suspected witches may escape than one innocent person be condemned.. Later Conant and his young family came to New England probably arriving in Plymouth in 1622. ), pp. The Dorchester Company established a fishing settlement on Cape Ann during the winter of 1623-24 under a charter with England. Abigail, age eleven, and Betty, age nine, were telling their fortunes by the light of the fire. Historical Insights The Salem Witch Trials During the year-and-a-half-long inquisition at the end of the 17th century known as the Salem Witch Trials, even the pious became suspect in small town New England. They accused the majority of the victims in the . Betty and Abigail soon accused Tituba, the enslaved woman owned by Samuel Parris, whose subsequent confession launched a full-blown witchcraft crisis in Salem. Phips pardoned all those sentenced to be executed by Stoughton in January 1693. An NEH-funded film revisits the Puritan Separatists who arrived aboard theMayflower. "Shalom" or Peace on June 29, 1629. Title/Occupation: Granddaughter of "Old Planter" of Massachusetts Bay John Woodbury/Woodbery. Since witches were often shackled in jail, something like shackles must have been adapted to fit little Dorothy, the youngest person in Salem accused of practicing the devils magic. Mother of Joseph Balch; Abigail Raynsford; Ann Rich; Ebenezer Balch and Ruth Balch Born: 13 August 1654, Salem, Essex County, Massachusetts, USA Whispers of the devil's presence spread like wildfire across the Massachusetts Bay village of Salem in the winter of 1692. Soon, others were accused and the courtrooms filled with people believed to be witches. Two years before the witchcraft hysteria arrived in Essex County, David Balch, grandson of the patriarch John Balch, was ill and bedridden in this house. (2020, August 26). EXTRA 10% OFF 3+ ITEMS See all eligible items and terms. You know a witch was arrested in Chelmsford and another up in Ipswich. Compared with the Parrises and Putnams, Hubbard had little family or economic support, and faced an uncertain future as an orphaned domestic servant. She had six children, and died in 1752, at the age of 77. The "Salem Witch Trials" is still remembered as one of the most notorious cases of mass hysteria. [E]benezer, s. Benjamin and Elizabeth (Woodbury), b. June 4, 1680. Over the next year, more than 150 women, men, and children from Salem Village (present-day Danvers) and neighboring communities were formally accused of practicing witchcraft. The law of the Salem Witch Trials is a fascinating mix of biblical passages and colonial statutes. During the Salem Witch Trials, there were 150 accusations, 141 arrests, 31 convictions, and 20 executions that we know of. The girls were having a type of epileptic fit and would scream out . Salem in Massachusetts is famous for the dark history which fell upon the city over 300 years ago when Puritans ruled the land with their strict authoritative rules. FHL US/CAN Film #1,321,281 Item 2. Salem Witch Museum. If you think about whats going on in New Englandthreat of attack from warring tribes, unease about a new charterand suddenly something strange happens in your household and youre a minister. By the 20th- century Salem had grown from a colony struggling with crisis to a cosmopolitan city. 5 Notable Women Hanged in the Salem Witch Trials, How the Salem Witch Trials Influenced the American Legal System. + 162 F iv. The first to be tried wasBridget Bishopof Salem who was found guilty and was hanged on June 10. He and his wife Hannah signed a petition protesting the accusations against Rebecca Nurse. ), p. 6, Los Angeles Public Library, 929.2 W881-2. The grand jury couldnt even indict Tituba, says Burns. Trials ensued and, when the episode concluded in May 1693, fourteen women, five men, and two dogs had been executed for their supposed supernatural crimes. Since witches were often shackled in jail, something like shackles must have been adapted to fit little Dorothy, the youngest person in Salem accused of practicing the devils magic. The Salem Witchcraft TrialsHistorical records show that the Balch family, although living in the midst of the families accused of witchcraft, remained almost totally removed from the 'witchcraft delusions' of 1692 in Salem Village (now Danvers, Massachusetts). Brought before the judges in April 1692, she was confronted with her past statement that the afflicted persons did but dissemble, or fake their symptoms. Because of the Salem Witch trials, the idea that stress, fear, and panic were to blame for mental illness was widely accepted. The Salem Witch Trials, the events of 1692 in Salem Village which resulted in 185 accused of witchcraft, 156 formally charged, 47 confessions, and 19 executed by hanging, remain one of the most studied phenomena in colonial American history. A girl points to an accused woman during the Salem witch trials in this engraving from 1900. Credit: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Salem Witch Museum In his book A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trial and the American Experience, historian Emerson W. Baker argues that Lewis and other accusers may have been suffering from what we now recognize as post-traumatic stress syndrome, writes Baker. Often referred to as the afflicted girls, they included members of prominent village families, as well as domestic servants and refugees of King Williams War, a long-running conflict that pitted English settlers against Wabanaki Native Americans and their French allies. In June of 1692, the special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) sat in Salem to hear the cases of witchcraft. The Salem Witch Trials were a series of legal proceedings in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692-1693 resulting in the deaths of 20 innocent people accused of witchcraft and the vilification of over 200 others based, initially, on the reports of young girls who claimed to have been harmed by the spells of certain women they accused of witchcraft.. Perhaps predictably, Mary Walcott joined the core group of accusers by March 1692, and went on to see numerous visions and suffer apparent afflictions at the hands of accused witches. Chronology via the Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive. children of John (d 1673) and Elizabeth Woodbury: From http://balchipedia.wikidot.com/elizbalch. The Salem Witch Trials by Martin, Michael J. Beverly V.R. READ MORE: Before America Had Witch Trials, Europe Had Werewolf Trials. Like Tituba, several accused witches confessed and named still others, and the trials soon began to overwhelm the local justice system. The confessions that came before were from people with no agency whatsoever, like little Dorothy. 19 people executed, were hanged, one pressed with rocks to death and few more died in jail within a year from 1692-1693. Lewis, Jone Johnson. The neighbor, Christian Trask, wife of John Trask, had attempted to reprove Sarah Bishop but "received no satisfaction from her about it." Children from this marriage were: + 159 F i. The chilling mayhem unfolded during the winter of 1692 in Salem Village, now the town of Danvers, Massachusetts, when three girls . More than 200 accused witched occupied the local jail. Salem included much of the North Shore, including Marblehead. Work Projects Administration. "Edward Bishop and Sarah Bishop." Visit The Salem Witch Museum | Salem, MA Visit About the Museum The Salem Witch Museum examines one of the most enduring and emotional events in American History, the Salem witch trials of 1692. Daughter of John "the Mariner" Woodbury and Elizabeth Dodge She is a former faculty member of the Humanist Institute. A masterful work accurately details the current consensus of what exactly occurred to prompt the colonial witch trials. On March 23, 1692, a warrant was issued for the arrest of four-year-old Dorothy Good of Salem Village on "suspition of acts of Witchcraft." She was taken into custody the next day and jailed with her mother, Sarah, who had been accused of the same capital crime three weeks earlier. 161 M iii. Witchcraft, History Matters. Goodof the Damage The 12-year-old daughter of Thomas Putnam and his wife, Ann Carr Putnam, became one of the most prolific accusers of the trials, naming and/or testifying against more than 60 people. Edward and Sarah were jailed in Salem and then in Boston, and their property was seized. Eighteen years later, in the midst of the Salem Witch Trials (1692), Elizabeth would be instrumental in the conviction of Sarah Bishop. At the center of the Salem witch trials were a core group of accusers, all girls and young women ranging in age from nine to 20, who screamed, writhed, barked and displayed other horrifying symptoms they claimed were signs of Satanic possession. The Salem witch trials of 1692 have become a prominent feature of the American cultural consciousness. This Edward Bishop seems to have been the father of the Edward Bishop married to Bridget Bishop, and thus the grandfather of the Edward Bishop married to Sarah Wildes Bishop. Though popularly referred to as "the Salem witch trials," accusations had spread throughout Essex County and beyond. A period of less than a year caused such turmoil that Salem, Massachusetts, is still widely known for the trials. Indeed, the vivid and painful legacy of the Salem witch trials endured well into the 20th century, when Arthur Miller dramatized the events of 1692 in his play The Crucible (1953), using them as an allegory for the anti-Communist witch hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s. In addition, this presentation discusses the emergence of the stereotypical witch and the phenomenon of witch-hunting. Little is known about Elizabeth's life prior to her marriage to Benjamin Balch on October 11, 1674. Ann Foster (ne Alcock) (Important in Salem) Mercy, infant daughter of Sarah Good. The museum is open year-round, every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Years Day and in January for several weeks as we close to paint, and prepare the museum for the upcoming season. Edward Bishop and Sarah Bishop. 2023 Copyright It is hosted by the University of Virginia, but the Project Staff is international. Salem Witch Museum. It displays the names of the accusers and the accused, and their household locations, as recorded in the court documents. The Salem Witch Trials accusers were a group of people who accused the Salem Witch Trials victims of witchcraft in 1692.. The three accused witches were brought before the magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne and questioned, even as their accusers appeared in the courtroom in a grand display of spasms, contortions, screaming and writhing. Note: Bishop is sometimes spelled Bushop or Besop in the records. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Researchers describe the Salem witch trials as a series of court trials that were aimed at prosecuting persons who had been accused of witchcraft. + 160 M ii. Roger Toothaker - died before trial (June 16, 1692) probably due to torture or maltreatment. in the archives. Wife of Benjamin Balch, Jr. His father was the leading merchant of Clayton, a neighboring parish. The afflicted girls were asked to name names, and they did. Click to enlarge. He identified these tormentors as Sarah Wildes, Dorcas Hoar, and an un-named witch from Marblehead, most likely Wilmott Redd. Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images. The Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project consists of an electronic collection of primary source materials relating to the Salem witch trials of 1692 and a new transcription of the court records. For everyone who remains intrigued by Salem, here are a few lesser-known facts about the witchcraft trials. The parallels between the Salem Witch Trials and more modem examples ofwitch huntinglike the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s, are remarkable. A third of those arrested confessed but were not necessarily given lighter sentences. She was daughter of John Woodbury (d 1673) & his wife Elizabeth. Director Kim Harrington In effect, theSalem Witch Trialswere over. Genealogy of the Balch Families in America By Galusha Burchard Balch. The trials claimed at least 367 victims (the actual toll may be higher), with just read more. (Note: this deposition was previously published in the Newsletter of the Balch House Associates in October 1979 incorrectly indicating that it referred to Bridget Bishop, the first 'witch' hanged at Salem Village. Our second exhibit, Witches: Evolving Perceptions, explores the meaning behind the word witch and evolution of the image of the witch over time. She married Benjamin Balch (c. 1653 - Spring 1698) on October 11, 1674; he was the son of Benjamin Balch and Sarah Gardner. 1Derby, Perley, John Woodbury and Some of His Descendants (Salem, Massachusetts: s.n., 1900. READ MORE: Before America Had Witch Trials, Europe Had Werewolf Trials. This is due largely to Nathaniel Hawthorne's fictional works, Arthur Miller's The Crucible (1953), and also some popular nonfiction books, like Marion Starkey's The Devil in Massachusetts (1949) as well as more scholarly works, principally Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum's Salem Possessed . In a 1710 affidavit attempting to gain recompense for the damages they'd suffered and to clear their names, Edward Bishop said they were "prisnors for thirtiey seven wekes" and required to pay "ten shillings pur weeake for our bord" plus five pounds. 3 a child of 4 or 5 years old was in prison 7 or 8 months and being chaind in the dungeon was so hardly used and terrifyed that she hath ever since been very chargeable haveing little or no reason to govern herself. The museum consists of two presentations. The city of Salem attracts visitors today as the harbor and rivers and fields of Naumkeag drew Roger Conant over 300 years ago. . Little Elizabeth had been fine just days before when she returned home with a neighbor, Goodwife Ayres. the mark of elezebeth Balch. Historians and sociologists have examined this most complex episode in our history so that we may understand the issues of that era and view subsequent events with heightened awareness. John Hale vs. Sarah Bishop witchcraft trial. SALEM Centuries-old, fragile documents from the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 are being returned to state custody after more than four decades, Trial Court and Peabody Essex Museum officials 2 a sucking child dyed in prison before the Mothers Execution. The 19th-century saw the advent of immigrants who enriched the business and cultural life of the city as shipping was replaced by rail transportation. On September 13, 1710, William Good went before the court to receive restitution for the losses he endured years earlier. ThoughtCo. A witchcraft trial where Mary Walcott is shown as a witness. The Walcotts lived next door to the Parrises, and Marys other aunt, Mary Sibley, had encouraged the baking of the witch cake that led to Betty and Abigails accusations against Tituba. In response, the afflicted in the courtroom went into severe fits, and Warren responded with similar behavior. But the damage was done, and it was devastating. s'd Bishop rideing in to the brooke pretty hastily she finding fault with his soe doing & said that he would throw her in to the water or words to that purpose s'd Bishop Answered her that it was noe matter if he Did or words to that Effect: & soe wee Rode along all together toward Beverly & she blamed her husband for Rideing soe fast & that he would Doe her a mischeife or words to that purpose & he Answered her that it was noe matter what was Done unto her or words to that purpose: And then s'd Bishop Directed his speech unto us as we Rode along & s'd that she had ben a bad wife unto him ever since they were marryed & reckoned up many of her miscarriages to- wards him but now of Late she was worse then Ever she had ben unto him before (and that the Devill Did Come bodyly unto her & that she was familiar with the Devill & that she sate up all the night Long with the Devill) or words to that purpose & with such kinde of Discourse he filled up the time untill we Came to s'd Bishops Dwelling house & this Deponant Did reproove s'd Bishop for speaking in such a manner unto his wife s'd Bishop Answered it was nothing but what was truth & s'd Bishops wife made very Little reply to all her husbands Discourse Dureing all the time we wer with them & farther said not was taken into custody the next day and jailed with her mother, Sarah, who had been accused of the same capital crime three weeks earlier. And so rest Your Honours humble servant Boyer, Paul, Stephen Nissenbaum, and United States. The witch trials were held in Salem, Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. No, you didnt see her, because we know this person. The judges of the Salem Witch Trials appointed by the governor were well-educated. Half sister of Jonathan Dodge, Sr. Elizabeth Woodbury was born 15 August 1654 in Salem. John Hale of Beverly. His claims were a portent of what was to come in 1692. By Amber C. Snider. Witchcraft, Trials, and The Historical Record. The big discussion was whether the devil could impersonate somebody with or without their permission. (Pg. $6.35 . The Salem witch trials testify to the importance of due process in protecting individuals against false accusations. There, a lot who confessed were children as young as six. In 1693, the new Superior Court of Judicature tried the remaining cases and eventually cleared the jails. More than two hundred people were accused. All would await trial for a crime punishable by death in17th-century New England the practice of witchcraft. Mercy Lewis survived a bloody raid in 1689 by Wabanaki Native Americans in Casco Bay (present-day Portland, Maine), during which both of her parents were killed. https://www.historicbeverly.net/visit/our-locations/balch-house/. Website designed and developed by Sperling Interactive. Other times, she sat in the courtroom and knitted calmly while other afflicted girls had fits around her. Though she began showing signs of affliction early in the crisis, she apparently recovered after John Proctor, an outspoken critic of the witch trials, threatened to beat her. As the world grew smaller in the 18th-century, Salem took a leading role in developing international trade routes and enjoyed a period of prosperity and fame. 164 F vi. As hysteria spread through the community and beyond into the rest of Massachusetts, a number of others were accused, including Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurseboth regarded as upstanding members of church and communityand the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good. In January 1692, a doctor was called to the home of Reverend Samuel Parris, the Puritan minister of Salem Village (present-day Danvers, Massachusetts), after his nine-year-old daughter, Betty, and her 11-year-old cousin, Abigail Williams, began exhibiting strange symptoms, such as convulsing, barking and speaking unintelligible words. (The Dorchester Company went into bankruptcy in 1627 and became the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 under charter from England). A scion of one of Salems most prominent families, and a close ally of Parris, Thomas served as a key instigator of the witch trials; he wrote many of the depositions for the afflicted, including his daughter and later his wife, Ann Putnam Sr. After her parents died suddenly in 1699, Ann Jr. was left to look after her seven younger siblings. To understand the events of theSalem Witch Trials, it is necessary to examine the times in which accusations of witchcraft occurred. Jonathan Edwards in a New Light: Remembered for Preaching, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. Just the usual suspects. The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 tell us so much about how women have been targeted throughout history. Visitors can choose to mask or not. In all, 19 were hanged, one pressed to death, and five others died in jail. Greetings Phillip and all Balch family members! Though the Massachusetts General Court later annulled guilty verdicts against accused witches and granted indemnities to their families, bitterness lingered in the community, and the painful legacy of the Salem witch trials would endure for centuries. During the witchcraft trials of 1692, Mary Gage (alternate spelling Gadge) testified that she had witnessed Davids illness, and had heard him claim to be tormented by witches at the foot of his bed. During the 18th and 19th centuries, it developed as one of New England's leading maritime and shipbuilding centres, and during the American Revolution (1775-83) and the War of 1812 its port served as a privateers' base. (Pg. About. lanter" Woodbury, Maria Woodbury, Humphrey Woodbury, Hannah Woodbury, Abigail Woodbury,