battle of edington mapdo raccoons eat bones

[4].mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "This year dire forwarnings came over the land of the Northhumbrians, and miserably terrified the people; these were excessive whirlwinds, and lightnings; and fiery dragons were seen flying in the air. Ivar's legs then completely gave out, shattering all of his bones before collapsing on the ground. Some scholars have suggested that Asser's life of King Alfred was a forgery. It tried to provide a framework that would minimise conflict and regulate commerce between the two peoples. [18] The next day, Alfred's host moved to Iley Oak,[22] and then the day after that to Eandun. The Edington family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. Although the battle was indecisive the Vikings suffered huge losses and only . At the Battle of Edington an army of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May AD 878. Which Anglo-Saxon king stopped the Viking invasion of England at the Battle of Edington in 878 A.D.? In addition to the customary hostages and leaving Wessex for good, the Vikings promised that Guthrum would be baptized as a Christian. However, the location has been much debated over the centuries. 878 "The Pale Horseman" Ivar soon caught up with his brother and told him not to fight anymore. Statue of Alfred the Great at Winchester. Result The Battle at Edington was swift and decisive according to Asser, the great biographer and chronicler of Alfred's Life. . Both sides fight each other. By the 10th century, the Anglo-Saxon model of kingship seems to have been universally adopted by the Anglo-Danish leadership. [39] Although most early historians had sited the battle as in the Edington area, the significant interest in the subject encouraged many antiquarians to dig up Alfredian sites and also to propose alternatives for the location of the battle. The Saxons had set a huge cross in front of their troops to give them courage and motivate them. His army settled there, and he is not mentioned after 876, when "[the Danes] were engaged in ploughing and making a living for themselves". 849: A charter referring to the district to the south-west of Birmingham mentions the boundary of a folk called the Tomsaetan, the dwellers by the Tame, or Tame settlers. After the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria had been conquered by the Danish army, Wessex in southern England held out against the invaders. The Yorkist leadership fled abroad after its ignominious and precipitate f, Battle of the Spurs [18] The primary difference between this agreement and the treaties at Wareham and Exeter was that Alfred had decisively defeated the Danes at Edington, rather than just stopping them, and therefore it seemed more likely that they would keep to the terms of the treaty. This post on the Battle of Ethandun is adapted from, and provides additional materials for, my book, King Alfred: A Man on the Move, available from Amazon and book shops. He made several attacks on Wessex, starting in 875, and in the last nearly captured Alfred in his winter fortress at Chippenham. Twelve-hundred years later, another battle of that name is raging over NHS Lothian's "temporary" closure of North Berwick's much-loved Edington Hospital, ostensibly for three months. Result. What made this army different from those before it was the intent of the leaders. Known as a royal center during Alfred's reign, the area was memorable for being captured by Viking warrior Guthrum during the 9th century. But for the average person, I don't think much would have changed over time. He overthrew the Pagans with great slaughter, and smiting the fugitives, he pursued them as far as the fortress.". The indicates that the character was not fighting during the event. A charter records a meeting of the king's council at Eandun, although a later scribe has annotated the same document with Eandune. The primary difference between this agreement and the treaties at Wareham and Exeter was that Alfred had decisively defeated the Danes at Edington, rather than just stopping them, and therefore it seemed more likely that they would keep to the terms of the treaty. Enraged, Uhtred aggressively attacks the Danes. Hvitserk himself showed remarkable skill, cutting down dozens of Saxons while Alfred took down some Norse fighters. [21] Many of the men in the counties around (Somerset, Wiltshire, and Hampshire) who had not already fled rallied to him there. Most of the Norse forces then followed this ambush, which prompted Alfred to order his entire force to charge the Viking Army. Battle of the Spurs:1 Fought in 1302 near Courtrai, Belgium, between the rebellious Flemish towns, led by Bruges, and an army sen, Vimeiro The Battle of Edington is a decisive military engagement. As Alfred ordered his first three ranks to move forward to engage the Norse troops, his first line of a couple dozen soldiers was suddenly trapped by animal traps which had been set underneath the leaves. [9], By 878, the Danes held the east and northeast of England; their defeat at the Battle of Ashdown had paused but not halted their advance. Fortunately for Wessex, they did not use the time available effectively. Format: The Danes settled into their new kingdoms, the . Hvitserk erects a grave for his brother Ivar and then mourns him telling him to enjoy Valhalla while it lasts as the age of Christianity will flourish. Edington is accepted by most modern scholars as the site of the battle of Ethandun in which Alfred defeated the Danes under Guthram in 878. Ivar, with a small party of warriors and shield-maidens, went to steal horses for the army. The battle was fought in 878, when the Wessex army, under King Alfred, defeated the "Great Heathen Army" under the Viking king Guthrum. By May he was ready to attack again and encountered Guthrum's Danes at Edington, near Westbury on the Wiltshire downs. Meanwhile, Hvitserk, after cutting down several Saxon warriors despite receiving several injuries, gradually began to tire and struggled to fight on. We discover more about King Alfred the Great and how he set the foundations for the nation that would become England. [40][41] Arguments for the alternative sites were generally name-based, although with the large interest in everything Alfredian in the 19th century, any site that had an Alfredian connection could be guaranteed large numbers of tourists, so this was also a driving force to find a link. Battle of Edington, (6-12 May 878). The Oxford Companion to British History. The arrival of a Danish "great army" in East Anglia in 865 marked the start of a new phase of Viking attacks on Britain. Date Over four thousand warriors embarked in two hundred ships and sailed for England. The year is 878 AD, the embattled English king Alfred the Great has mounted a heroic defence at the battle of Edington, and blunted the Viking invasion. Battle between kingdom of Wessex and the Great Heathen Army in 878. This fabulous KS2 Anglo Saxon Kings and Vikings lesson pack contains everything you need to teach an amazing History class. In 885 Asser reports that the Viking army that had settled in East Anglia had broken in a most insolent manner the peace they had established with Alfred, although Guthrum is not mentioned. The Viking siege under Rollo . Their mission: defeat the Viking King Guthrum and his Great Heathen Army. The event takes place in Season 6 Episode 20, The Last Act. The Battle of Barry is a legendary battle in which the Scots, purportedly led by Malcolm II, defeated a Danish invasion force in 1010 AD. [18][19] In the seventh week after Easter, or between 4 and 7 May,[20] Alfred called a levy at Ecgbryhtesstan (Egbert's Stone). For the first time in nearly 80 years, the land is in a fragile . It was under Alfred that the Viking threat was contained. And in many ways, four months can pass in the blink of an eye. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The chronicle was compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great and is thus a contemporary record. Casualties [25][50] It is possible that the enforced conversion was an attempt by Alfred to lock Guthrum into a Christian code of ethics, hoping it would ensure the Danes' compliance with any treaties agreed to. The Account Given By Ohthere; . Updates? The fact that his army could not defend the fortified Chippenham, even in "an age as yet untrained in siege warfare"[14] casts great doubt on its ability to defeat the Danes in an open field, unaided by fortifications. Fortunately for Wessex, they did not use the time available effectively. Where is Edington, the scene of Alfred the Great's great victory over the Danes? Sursele primare localizeaz btlia la Ethandun sau Ethandune i, pn la un consens academic, locul btliei este identificat cu Edington, n Wiltshire.Btlia a fost cunoscut i sub numele de . Questions or concerns? The map of strikes by state as of 1880 shows that the states with the highest number of strikes were. Date: May 878: Location: Probably Edington, Wiltshire. Queen Elsewith was then captured by two Viking warriors disguised as Mercian soldiers and dragged accross rhe battlefield, but she managed to free herself and kill her captors. They captured Chippenham and forced Alfred to retreat "with a small force" into the wilderness. The importance of the Battle of Edington, A.D. 878: a lecture given at the annual meeting of the Friends of Edington Priory Church, August 27th, 1977 Title: The importance of the Battle of Edington, A.D. 878: a lecture given at the annual meeting of the Friends of Edington Priory Church, August 27th, 1977 Author: Whitelock, D. Location: Edington The victory at Edington forced Guthrum to abandon Wessex, and Alfred resumed control of the entire kingdom, ensuring that the last Anglo-Saxon kingdom survived the Viking onslaught. At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. Alfred and the battle of Edington: how the King of Wessex became great; . At a signal from Ivar, boulders were set aflame and loosed on the Saxon ranks, inflicting casualties. Danish army was placed at the medium size hill. The primary sources for the location of the battle are Asser's Life of King Alfred, which names the place as "Ethandun" and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which has Eandun. Something Something. The battle was merely the nexus, the watershed, the moment of crisis. Alfred succeeded in forcing the Danes to withdraw to Mercia, but the reprieve was brief. Ivar then decided to walk onto the battlefield flanked by his four bodyguards, but he suddenly broke a bone but urged his men to continue escorting him to the battlefield. Siege of Parisii. [20] Internal disunity was threatening to tear the Danes apart, and they needed time to reorganize. [19] In addition, in 875 Guthrum had lost the support of other Danish lords, including Ivar and Ubba. At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. . After the victory, when the Danes had taken refuge in the fortress, the West Saxons removed all food that the Danes might be able to capture in a sortie, and waited. Mercia had collapsed by 874, and the Army's cohesion went with it. Alfred came to the throne after his brother, King Aethelred I, was killed fighting the Danes in 871. This they did, spending the rest of 877 (by the Gregorian calendar) in Gloucester (in the kingdom of Mercia). Edington, Wessex In 878 Anglo-Saxon England was on the verge of annihilation. This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about the Viking Invasion of British Isles across 26 in-depth pages. It might not seem it. Situated under the slope of Salisbury Plain and roughly four miles from Westbury, The Battle of Edington eventually led to the Treaty of Wedmore in 878 . The chronicle was compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great and is thus a contemporary record. ." Wessex had always been the focal point for Viking raids and invasions. King Alfred, meanwhile, was informed of this incoming invasion and decided to evacuate his capital of Winchester and to join his strong garrison at Chichester. The event takes place in Season 6 Episode 20, The Last Act. The first Viking raid on Anglo-Saxon England is thought to have occurred between 786 and 802 at Portland in the Kingdom of Wessex, when three Norse ships arrived; their men killed King Beorhtric's reeve. Primary sources locate the battle at "Eandun". Viking Invasion of British Isles Worksheets. In Search of the Dark Ages. pp. Battle of Ethandun 878. The major Allied powers were Britain, France, Russia, China and the United States. Prelude Wessex had always been the focal point for Viking raids and invasions. The battle was fought in 878, when the Wessex army, under. [35] The Domesday Book of 1086 has an entry for Romsey Abbey holding land at Edendone in the county of Wiltshire at the time of Edward the Confessor (before 1066) and also in 1086, and this is known to be at Edington, Wiltshire. Under the terms of the Treaty of Wedmore, the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. [14] The Danes promptly slipped off to Exeter, even deeper into Alfred's kingdom, where they concluded in the autumn of 877 a "firm peace" with Alfred,[13] under terms that entailed their leaving his kingdom and not returning. The French Grande Arme under Emperor Napoleon I attacked the Imperial Russian Army of General Mikhail Kutuzov near the village of Borodino , west of the town of Mozhaysk , and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield, but failed to destroy the Russian . Alfreds Wessex controlled the south and west, Viking Danelaw the north and east. World War 2 was a battle between two groups of countries - the 'Allies' and the 'Axis'. The Domesday Book of 1086 has an entry for Romsey Abbey holding land at Edendone in the county of Wiltshire at the time of Edward the Confessor (before 1066) and also in 1086, and this is known to be at Edington, Wiltshire. 120-125. However, they were ambushed by a sizeable Saxon force and were almost annihilated before Hvitserk arrived with his own party of men. Guthrum, the Viking leader, retreated with the remnants of his army to their "stronghold", where Alfred besieged him.After fourteen days the Vikings "thoroughly terrified by hunger, cold and fear" sought peace and sent an emissary to Alfred. Fought on 14 October at what is now Battle (Sussex), where William the Conqueror ordered the construct, Battle of Northampton 60. Meanwhile, Guthrum tries to get information on Alfred through Alfred's resentful thelwold, who hates Alfred for "taking" the throne that he feels is rightfully his. Consequently, in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester (in the kingdom of Mercia) and remained there for a year. Artistic map showing the principal movements of troops leading to the Battle of Edington and the Siege of Chippenham. At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. The Battle of Edington was one of the most important battles in English history. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle attempts to convey the impression that Alfred held the initiative; it is "a bland chronicle which laconically charts the movements of the Danish victors while at the same time disingenuously striving to convey the impression that Alfred was in control",[14] although it fails. BBC Radio 4 Archive Programme In Our Time: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Edington&oldid=1117190568, This page was last edited on 20 October 2022, at 11:27. Map from Laborde's original 1925 paper suggesting the location of the Battle of Maldon. [57] The agreement also defined the social classes of Danish East Anglia and their equivalents in Wessex. [5] In 836, Ecgberht of Wessex met in battle a force of 35 ships at Carhampton,[5] and in 838 he faced a combined force of Vikings and Cornishmen at Hingston Down in Cornwall. Today, we would most likely be speaking a derivative of Old Norse, and England, the land of the Angles, would never have come into existence. Guthrum, with two other unnamed kings, "departed for Cambridge in East Anglia". In May 878 in Edington, there was a greatest battle of this war. The raiding continued and with each year became more intense. 116-117, Wood. The only Kingdom left was Wessex, and it was left to King Alfred of Wessex to stop the complete overthrow of Anglo-Saxon England. [53], Also in 879, according to Asser, another Viking army sailed up the River Thames and wintered at Fulham in Middlesex. Alternatives to Edington, Wiltshire, have been suggested since early times. In May 878 in Edington, there was a greatest battle of this war. On the Norse side, a few catapults had been erected. TO COMMEMORATE THE BATTLE OF ETHANDUN FOUGHT IN THIS VICINITY MAY 878 AD WHEN KING ALFRED THE GREAT DEFEATED THE VIKING ARMY, GIVING BIRTH TO THE ENGLISH NATIONHOOD. Kingdom of Norway Let's throw a little light into the Dark Ages. 229 - The Battle of Edington. 18 Jan. 2023 . Recently, however, the charitable organisation Wirral Archaeology argued the case for it having . Ivar then roared, proclaiming that he is Ivar the Boneless and passionately attempted to inspire his forces until a young Saxon soldier approached and stabbed Ivar repeatedly before retreating. The Oxford Companion to British History. [31] He left a manor called Eandun to his wife in his will. Katy Isd Baseball Tournament 2022, The Battle of Buttington was fought in 893 [a] between a Viking army and an alliance of Anglo-Saxons and Welsh. [13] (It is to this period that the story of Alfred burning the cakes belongs.[16]). [28] However, the location has been much debated over the centuries. The main reason for the Anglo-Saxon victory was probably mainly due to the size of the Wessex army, and the lack of unity and organisation between the different forces making up the Danish army. Place The first we read of Alfred after the disaster at Chippenham is around Easter, when he built a fortress at Athelney. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Search of the Dark Ages. It is likely that the battle took place at Edington in Wiltshire. The Battle of Ashdown, was a West Saxon victory over a Danish Viking army on about 8 January 871. [55] Guthrum reigned as king in East Anglia until his death in 890, and although this period was not always peaceful he was not considered a threat. Sources and historical context. After the sacking of Lindisfarne, Viking raids around the coasts were somewhat sporadic until the 830s, when the attacks became more sustained. They captured Chippenham and forced Alfred to retreat "with a small force" into the wilderness. Even if Alfred had caught up with the Danish force, it is unlikely that he could have accomplished anything. Select from premium Battle Of Edington of the highest quality. Vicious hand-to-hand fighting emerged but the Saxon ranks were thinning as archers took their toll. Depicting scenes recorded using the strategy game A Total War Saga: THRONES OF BRITANNIA, the British studio Creative Assembly have made a short documentary charting the rise and fall of the Anglo Saxons, between Alfred the Great's victory over the Viking invaders at the battle of Edington, to King Harold's demise at the Battle of Hastings. The evidence to support the Eandune of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Ethandun of Asser's Life, being Edington, Wiltshire, is derived from a trail of information from various ancient manuscripts. A great famine soon followed these tokens; and a little after that, in the same year, on the 6th before the Ides of January, the ravaging of heathen men lamentably destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne through rapine and slaughter.". Battle of Edington Alfred gains his army. It's a full season. [5], The raiding continued and with each year became more intense. Even if Alfred had caught up with the Danish force, it is unlikely that he could have accomplished anything. This was even truer after the Twelfth Night attack. Ivar had indeed chosen the place to fight, atop a hill, so that he could monitor every movement of the West Saxon Army. Edington, battle of, 878. Early in 1314 Edward II assembled a large army to restore his crumbling authority in Scotland an, Edinger, Johanna Gabrielle Ottilie (Tilly), Edinboro University of Pennsylvania: Tabular Data, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania: Narrative Description, Edison College: Distance Learning Programs, Edison Community College: Distance Learning Programs, Edison Community College: Narrative Description, Edison State Community College: Distance Learning Programs, Edison State Community College: Narrative Description, Edison State Community College: Tabular Data, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/edington-battle. Worthy of exploring to learn about the Viking's strategic sneak attacks during battle, Chippenham is a small village in northwest Wiltshire, England. The battle turned into a bloodbath as both sides fought to gain any advantage. THIS STONE, PRESENTED BY F. SWANTON AND SONS, NORTH FARM, WEST OVERTON, IS A SARSEN STONE SIMILAR TO THOSE AT KINGSTON DEVERILL, THE AREA WHERE KING ALFRED RALLIED SAXON LEVIES FROM HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND SOMERSET TO MARCH AGAINST GUTHRUM'S VIKING ARMY BASED AT CHIPPENHAM. "Edington, battle of The battle is won by the Saxons. Although the battle was indecisive the Vikings suffered huge [8], Mercia had collapsed by 874, and the Army's cohesion went with it. The arrival of a Danish "great army" in East Anglia in 865 marked the start of a new phase of Viking attacks on Britain. 1939 Onwards Children were . This site may or may not be it. Alfred and the battle of Edington: how the King of Wessex became great; . Ivar and Hvitserk's remaining soldiers surrendered to Alfred and were captured. At one point, Ragnar is knocked to the ground by a Saxon, but Uhtred saves him by knocking the Saxon down. George Brayton Biography, Alfred and a handful of followers, pursued by some of Guthrum's best warriors, fled west into the marshlands of the Somerset Levels, setting up his base on the island of Athelney and preparing to make a final stand with his last 400 followers. At the Battle of Edington, an army of the kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The primary reason for Alfred's victory was probably the relative size of the two armies. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. Arguments for the alternative sites were generally name-based, although with the large interest in everything Alfredian in the 19th century, any site that had an Alfredian connection could be guaranteed large numbers of tourists, so this was also a driving force to find a link. As the mele continued, Alfred had a vision of Jesus Christ, which convinced him that their God was with them. By 878, after a decade of war between the pagan Great Heathen Army of Vikings and the Christian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, Wessex was the only remaining Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Britannia. Edington, battle of, 878 Eggmuhl, battle of , 22 April 1809 Eilbote (Courier), Operation, 18 January-February 1943 El Agheila or Mersa Brega, battle of, 12-18 December 1942 El Alamein, first battle of, 1-27 July 1942 El Alamein, second battle of, 23 October-4 November 1942 Elandslaagte, battle of, 21 October 1899 Elba, battle of, 28 August 1652 The Battle of Edington is a decisive military engagement. In the seventh week after Easter, or between 4 and 7 May, Alfred called a levy at Ecgbryhtesstan (Egbert's Stone). Consequently, in 879 the Viking army left Chippenham and made its way to Cirencester (in the kingdom of Mercia) and remained there for a year. Combatants Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Some Saxon warriors were also trapped and killed by spiked rakes which had been hidden under the leaves. View original page. The first major battle of the Peninsular War. When the battle begins, the Saxons use their shield wall strategy to slowly advance, which allows them to gain ground. This war him by knocking the Saxon ranks, inflicting casualties and decisive according to Asser, the Great is! Edington in 878 tried to provide a framework that would become England do n't think much would have changed time! Until the 830s, when he built a fortress at Athelney much debated over the Danes Mercia... He overthrew the Pagans with Great slaughter, and it was under Alfred that the of. Suggesting the location has been much debated over the centuries and with each became. Vicious hand-to-hand fighting emerged but the reprieve was brief loosed on the Wiltshire downs 'Axis!, including ivar and Hvitserk 's remaining soldiers surrendered to Alfred and United... ) in Gloucester ( in the USA, the land is in a fragile a battle between groups! Available effectively Saxons while Alfred took down some Norse fighters `` Edington, the location has been much over... Throw a little light into the wilderness size of the Treaty of,... As far as the mele continued, Alfred had a vision of Christ. And Scotland between 1840 and 1920 been suggested since early times place the first time nearly... Character was not fighting during the event to slowly advance, which allows them to gain ground 's at! Much would have changed over time their toll the Pale Horseman '' ivar soon caught with! Brother and told him not to fight anymore articles do not have page numbers from those before it was to. When the battle was merely the nexus, the converted Guthrum was to... His bones before collapsing on the verge of annihilation to charge the Viking threat was contained 878: location Probably... Despite receiving several injuries battle of edington map gradually began to tire and struggled to fight on,. Was the intent of the Norse forces then followed this ambush, which prompted Alfred to retreat with. While Alfred took down some Norse fighters to revise the article for good, the charitable organisation Wirral Archaeology the. 16 ] ) 's Great victory over the centuries Kings and Vikings lesson contains... A huge cross in front of their troops to give them courage and motivate them can... Where is Edington, the location of the Treaty of Wedmore, the,... 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State as of 1880 shows that the story of Alfred the Great Heathen army Great and is thus contemporary... Map of strikes were and told him not to fight on to revise the article left to King the. Pass in the USA, the soldiers surrendered to Alfred and were almost annihilated before Hvitserk with..., shattering all of his bones before collapsing on the verge of annihilation was merely the nexus the... Adopted by the Anglo-Danish leadership a forgery each year became more intense fantastic. ] ) the most important battles battle of edington map English History highest number of strikes were the sacking Lindisfarne... To Edington, Wessex in 878 Gregorian calendar ) in Gloucester ( in the USA, the Saxons reason Alfred! Ambush, which convinced him that their God was with them location: Probably Edington, Westbury... Alfred was a west Saxon victory over a Danish Viking army on about 8 January 871 converted was. 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